systemctl是systemd的一个实用程序，可以控制systemd系统和服务管理器，systemd是系统管理守护进程、实用程序和库的集合，能替代system v init守护进程。systemd可作为类UNIX系统的中央管理和配置平台。下文华纳云和大家分享关于systemd控制系统和服务的方法。

先检查系统上是否安装systemd，如已安装查询出当前安装版本：

＃systemctl --version 

systemd 215

+ PAM + AUDIT + SELINUX + IMA + SYSVINIT + LIBCRYPTSETUP + GCRYPT + ACL + XZ -SECCOMP -APPARMOR

输出可看到已经安装了systemd 215版。然后继续检查systemd和systemctl二进制文件和库的安装位置：

# whereis systemd

systemd: /usr/lib/systemd /etc/systemd /usr/share/systemd /usr/share/man/man1/systemd.1.gz

# whereis systemctl

systemctl: /usr/bin/systemctl /usr/share/man/man1/systemctl.1.gz

检查systemd是否正在运行：

# ps -eaf | grep [s]ystemd 

root 1 0 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 23

root 444 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald

root 469 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd

root 555 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind

dbus 556 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation

Systemd 是 Linux 系统中的一个系统和服务管理器，它作为 PID（进程ID）为1 的父守护进程运行，负责启动系统上的其他所有进程。在 Linux 中，你可以通过 ps 命令查看进程信息。以下是 ps 命令的一些选项：

-e：显示所有进程。

-a：显示所有终端的进程，不包括会话领导者。

-f：显示完整格式的列表，包括进程的更多详细信息。

当你在 ps 命令中同时使用 -e、-a 和 -f 选项时（即 ps -eaf），你会得到一个包含所有进程详细信息的完整列表。

至于方括号，它们在 grep 命令中用于定义字符类，以便进行模式匹配。例如，[abc] 会匹配任何一个在方括号中的字符（a、b 或 c）。在处理文本搜索时，方括号可以帮助你指定一个字符集合，grep 会搜索包含这个集合中任何一个字符的行。

分析systemd的启动过程：

# systemd-analyze

Startup finished in 487ms (kernel) + 2.776s (initrd) + 20.229s (userspace) = 23.493s

分析启动时各个进程所花费的时间。

# systemd-analyze blame 

8.565s mariadb.service

7.991s webmin.service

6.095s postfix.service

4.311s httpd.service

3.926s firewalld.service

3.780s kdump.service

3.238s tuned.service

1.712s network.service

1.394s lvm2-monitor.service

1.126s systemd-logind.service

....

分析启动时的关键链：

# systemd-analyze critical-chain

The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character.

The time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character.

multi-user.target @20.222s

└─mariadb.service @11.657s +8.565s

└─network.target @11.168s

└─network.service @9.456s +1.712s

└─NetworkManager.service @8.858s +596ms

└─firewalld.service @4.931s +3.926s

└─basic.target @4.916s

└─sockets.target @4.916s

└─dbus.socket @4.916s

└─sysinit.target @4.905s

└─systemd-update-utmp.service @4.864s +39ms

└─auditd.service @4.563s +301ms

└─systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service @4.485s +69ms

└─rhel-import-state.service @4.342s +142ms

└─local-fs.target @4.324s

└─boot.mount @4.286s +31ms

└─systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d19608096

└─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device @4

Systemctl 接受服务（.service）、挂载点（.mount）、套接字（.socket）和设备（.device）作为任务。

列出全部可用任务：

# systemctl list-unit-files

UNIT FILE                                   STATE   

proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount           static  

dev-hugepages.mount                         static  

dev-mqueue.mount                            static  

proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount               static  

sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount               static  

sys-kernel-config.mount                     static  

sys-kernel-debug.mount                      static  

tmp.mount                                   disabled

brandbot.path                               disabled

.....

列出所有正在运行的任务：

# systemctl list-units

UNIT                                        LOAD   ACTIVE SUB       DESCRIPTION

proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount           loaded active waiting   Arbitrary Executable File Formats File Syste

sys-devices-pc...0-1:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded active plugged   VBOX_CD-ROM

sys-devices-pc...:00:03.0-net-enp0s3.device loaded active plugged   PRO/1000 MT Desktop Adapter

sys-devices-pc...00:05.0-sound-card0.device loaded active plugged   82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller

sys-devices-pc...:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loaded active plugged   VBOX_HARDDISK

sys-devices-pc...:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loaded active plugged   LVM PV Qzyo3l-qYaL-uRUa-Cjuk-pljo-qKtX-VgBQ8

sys-devices-pc...0-2:0:0:0-block-sda.device loaded active plugged   VBOX_HARDDISK

sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS0.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS0

sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS1.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS1

sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS2.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS2

sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS3.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS3

sys-devices-virtual-block-dm\x2d0.device    loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/virtual/block/dm-0

sys-devices-virtual-block-dm\x2d1.device    loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/virtual/block/dm-1

sys-module-configfs.device                  loaded active plugged   /sys/module/configfs

...

列出所有失败的任务：

# systemctl --failed

UNIT          LOAD   ACTIVE SUB    DESCRIPTION

kdump.service loaded failed failed Crash recovery kernel arming

LOAD   = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.

ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.

SUB    = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.

1 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.

To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.

检查某个单元（cron.service）是否已启用？

# systemctl is-enabled crond.service

enabled

检查单元或服务是否正在运行？

# systemctl status firewalld.service

firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon

Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled)

Active: active (running) since Tue 2015-04-28 16:27:55 IST; 34min ago

Main PID: 549 (firewalld)

CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service

└─549 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid

Apr 28 16:27:51 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...

Apr 28 16:27:55 tecmint systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.